HiLiN

Somaliland’s governance model is marked by the enduring influence of traditional authority structures alongside formal democratic institutions. Traditional leaders—particularly Akils, Sultans, and respected elders in general—continue to shape political processes, manage land disputes, resolve communal conflicts, and mobilise electoral support. Their sustained relevance has helped ensure stability and political continuity, especially in the aftermath of state collapse. However, traditional leaders have also introduced tensions, including institutional ambiguity, political patronage, and uneven public accountability. This policy brief traces the historical evolution of traditional leadership in Somaliland, identifies the governance challenges it poses, and proposes strategic entry points for reforms. This includes a traditional leadership act which could help align traditional authority with democratic norms by clarifying responsibilities, preventing political manipulation, and enhancing institutional coherence—while preserving traditional elders’ legitimacy within their respective communities.